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      6.51.&nbsp;Coreutils-8.26
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      <h4>
        Linux From Scratch - Version 8.0-systemd
      </h4>
      <h3>
        Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software
      </h3>
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    <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
      <h1 class="sect1">
        <a id="ch-system-coreutils" name="ch-system-coreutils"></a>6.51.
        Coreutils-8.26
      </h1>
      <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <p>
          The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting
          the basic system characteristics.
        </p>
        <div class="segmentedlist">
          <div class="seglistitem">
            <div class="seg">
              <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
              <span class="segbody">3.1 SBU</span>
            </div>
            <div class="seg">
              <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
              <span class="segbody">173 MB</span>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <h2 class="sect2">
          6.51.1. Installation of Coreutils
        </h2>
        <p>
          POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character
          boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch
          fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related
          bugs.
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-8.26-i18n-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
        <div class="admon note">
          <img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
          <h3>
            Note
          </h3>
          <p>
            In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting
            new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are
            reproducible without this patch.
          </p>
        </div>
        <p>
          Suppress a test which on some machines can loop forever:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/test.lock/s/^/#/' gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
            --prefix=/usr            \
            --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</kbd>
</pre>
        <div class="variablelist">
          <p class="title">
            <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
          </p>
          <dl class="variablelist">
            <dt>
              <span class="term"><code class=
              "envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span>
            </dt>
            <dd>
              <p>
                This environment variable allows the package to be built as
                the root user.
              </p>
            </dd>
            <dt>
              <span class="term"><em class=
              "parameter"><code>--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</code></em></span>
            </dt>
            <dd>
              <p>
                The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from
                installing binaries that will be installed by other packages
                later.
              </p>
            </dd>
          </dl>
        </div>
        <p>
          Compile the package:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 make</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Skip down to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Install
          the package</span>&rdquo;</span> if not running the test suite.
        </p>
        <p>
          Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that
          are meant to be run as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the <code class=
          "systemitem">nobody</code> user. Certain tests, however, require
          that the user be a member of more than one group. So that these
          tests are not skipped we'll add a temporary group and make the user
          <code class="systemitem">nobody</code> a part of it:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" &gt;&gt; /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile
          and run the tests:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . </kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Now run the tests. Make sure the PATH in the <strong class=
          "userinput"><code>su</code></strong> environment includes
          /tools/bin.
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su nobody -s /bin/bash \
          -c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          The test-getlogin test is known to fail on a virtual console such
          as the chroot environment here, but passes if run in an X terminal.
        </p>
        <p>
          Remove the temporary group:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Install the package:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i s/\"1\"/\"8\"/1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8</kbd>
</pre>
        <p>
          Some packages in BLFS and beyond expect the following programs in
          <code class="filename">/bin</code>, so make sure they are placed
          there:
        </p>
        <pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep,nice,test,[} /bin</kbd>
</pre>
      </div>
      <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
        <h2 class="sect2">
          <a id="contents-coreutils" name="contents-coreutils"></a>6.51.2.
          Contents of Coreutils
        </h2>
        <div class="segmentedlist">
          <div class="seglistitem">
            <div class="seg">
              <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
              <span class="segbody">[, base32, base64, basename, cat, chcon,
              chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp, csplit, cut,
              date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env, expand,
              expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid, id,
              install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo,
              mknod, mktemp, mv, nice, nl, nohup, nproc, numfmt, od, paste,
              pathchk, pinky, pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink,
              realpath, rm, rmdir, runcon, seq, sha1sum, sha224sum,
              sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort,
              split, stat, stdbuf, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, test,
              timeout, touch, tr, true, truncate, tsort, tty, uname,
              unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and
              yes</span>
            </div>
            <div class="seg">
              <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
              <span class="segbody">libstdbuf.so</span>
            </div>
            <div class="seg">
              <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
              <span class="segbody">/usr/libexec/coreutils</span>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="variablelist">
          <h3>
            Short Descriptions
          </h3>
          <table border="0" class="variablelist">
            <colgroup>
              <col align="left" valign="top" />
              <col />
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="base32" name="base32"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>base32</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Encodes and decodes data according to the base32
                    specification (RFC 4648)
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="base64" name="base64"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>base64</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Encodes and decodes data according to the base64
                    specification (RFC 4648)
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="basename" name="basename"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>basename</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="cat" name="cat"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>cat</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Concatenates files to standard output
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="chcon" name="chcon"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>chcon</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Changes security context for files and directories
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="chgrp" name="chgrp"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>chgrp</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Changes the group ownership of files and directories
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="chmod" name="chmod"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>chmod</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode;
                    the mode can be either a symbolic representation of the
                    changes to make or an octal number representing the new
                    permissions
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="chown" name="chown"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>chown</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and
                    directories
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="chroot" name="chroot"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a command with the specified directory as the
                    <code class="filename">/</code> directory
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="cksum" name="cksum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>cksum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the
                    byte counts of each specified file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="comm" name="comm"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>comm</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns
                    the lines that are unique and the lines that are common
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="cp" name="cp"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>cp</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Copies files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="csplit" name="csplit"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>csplit</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Splits a given file into several new files, separating
                    them according to given patterns or line numbers and
                    outputting the byte count of each new file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="cut" name="cut"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>cut</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according
                    to given fields or positions
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="date" name="date"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>date</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Displays the current time in the given format, or sets
                    the system date
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="dd" name="dd"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>dd</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Copies a file using the given block size and count, while
                    optionally performing conversions on it
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="df" name="df"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>df</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on
                    all mounted file systems, or only on the file systems
                    holding the selected files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="dir" name="dir"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>dir</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as
                    the <span class="command"><strong>ls</strong></span>
                    command)
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="dircolors" name="dircolors"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>dircolors</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Outputs commands to set the <code class=
                    "envar">LS_COLOR</code> environment variable to change
                    the color scheme used by <span class=
                    "command"><strong>ls</strong></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="dirname" name="dirname"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>dirname</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="du" name="du"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>du</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the amount of disk space used by the current
                    directory, by each of the given directories (including
                    all subdirectories) or by each of the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="echo" name="echo"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>echo</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Displays the given strings
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="env" name="env"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a command in a modified environment
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="expand" name="expand"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>expand</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Converts tabs to spaces
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="expr" name="expr"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>expr</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Evaluates expressions
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="factor" name="factor"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>factor</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="false" name="false"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>false</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a
                    status code indicating failure
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="fmt" name="fmt"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>fmt</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reformats the paragraphs in the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="fold" name="fold"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>fold</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Wraps the lines in the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="groups" name="groups"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>groups</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports a user's group memberships
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="head" name="head"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>head</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines)
                    of each given file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="hostid" name="hostid"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>hostid</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the
                    host
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="id" name="id"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>id</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group
                    memberships of the current user or specified user
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="install" name="install"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>install</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if
                    possible, their owner and group
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="join" name="join"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>join</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two
                    separate files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="link" name="link"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>link</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Creates a hard link with the given name to a file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="ln" name="ln"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>ln</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="logname" name="logname"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>logname</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the current user's login name
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="ls" name="ls"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>ls</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Lists the contents of each given directory
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="md5sum" name="md5sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>md5sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="mkdir" name="mkdir"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>mkdir</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Creates directories with the given names
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="mkfifo" name="mkfifo"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>mkfifo</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a "named pipe" in
                    UNIX parlance, with the given names
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="mknod" name="mknod"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>mknod</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node
                    is a character special file, a block special file, or a
                    FIFO
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="mktemp" name="mktemp"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>mktemp</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is used in
                    scripts
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="mv" name="mv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>mv</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Moves or renames files or directories
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="nice" name="nice"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>nice</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a program with modified scheduling priority
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="nl" name="nl"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>nl</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Numbers the lines from the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="nohup" name="nohup"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>nohup</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output
                    redirected to a log file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="nproc" name="nproc"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>nproc</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the number of processing units available to a
                    process
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="numfmt" name="numfmt"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>numfmt</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Converts numbers to or from human-readable strings
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="od" name="od"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>od</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Dumps files in octal and other formats
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="paste" name="paste"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>paste</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Merges the given files, joining sequentially
                    corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab
                    characters
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="pathchk" name="pathchk"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>pathchk</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Checks if file names are valid or portable
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="pinky" name="pinky"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>pinky</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some
                    information about the given users
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="pr" name="pr"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>pr</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Paginates and columnates files for printing
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="printenv" name="printenv"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>printenv</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the environment
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="printf" name="printf"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>printf</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the given arguments according to the given format,
                    much like the C printf function
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="ptx" name="ptx"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>ptx</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given
                    files, with each keyword in its context
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="pwd" name="pwd"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>pwd</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the name of the current working directory
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="readlink" name="readlink"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>readlink</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the value of the given symbolic link
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="realpath" name="realpath"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>realpath</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the resolved path
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="rm" name="rm"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>rm</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Removes files or directories
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="rmdir" name="rmdir"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>rmdir</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Removes directories if they are empty
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="runcon" name="runcon"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>runcon</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a command with specified security context
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="seq" name="seq"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>seq</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and
                    with a given increment
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sha1sum" name="sha1sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)
                    checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sha224sum" name="sha224sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sha224sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sha256sum" name="sha256sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sha256sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sha384sum" name="sha384sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sha384sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sha512sum" name="sha512sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sha512sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="shred" name="shred"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>shred</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex
                    patterns, making it difficult to recover the data
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="shuf" name="shuf"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>shuf</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Shuffles lines of text
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sleep" name="sleep"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sleep</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Pauses for the given amount of time
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sort" name="sort"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sort</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Sorts the lines from the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="split" name="split"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>split</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number
                    of lines
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="stat" name="stat"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>stat</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Displays file or filesystem status
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="stdbuf" name="stdbuf"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs commands with altered buffering operations for its
                    standard streams
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="stty" name="stty"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>stty</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Sets or reports terminal line settings
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sum" name="sum"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>sum</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints checksum and block counts for each given file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="sync" name="sync"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>sync</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to
                    disk and updates the super block
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tac" name="tac"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>tac</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Concatenates the given files in reverse
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tail" name="tail"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>tail</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines)
                    of each given file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tee" name="tee"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>tee</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reads from standard input while writing both to standard
                    output and to the given files
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="test" name="test"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>test</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Compares values and checks file types
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="timeout" name="timeout"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>timeout</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Runs a command with a time limit
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="touch" name="touch"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>touch</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Changes file timestamps, setting the access and
                    modification times of the given files to the current
                    time; files that do not exist are created with zero
                    length
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tr" name="tr"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>tr</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters
                    from standard input
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="true" name="true"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>true</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status
                    code indicating success
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="truncate" name="truncate"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>truncate</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tsort" name="tsort"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>tsort</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely
                    ordered list according to the partial ordering in a given
                    file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="tty" name="tty"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>tty</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the file name of the terminal connected to
                    standard input
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="uname" name="uname"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>uname</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports system information
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="unexpand" name="unexpand"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>unexpand</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Converts spaces to tabs
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="uniq" name="uniq"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>uniq</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Discards all but one of successive identical lines
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="unlink" name="unlink"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>unlink</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Removes the given file
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="users" name="users"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>users</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the names of the users currently logged on
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="vdir" name="vdir"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>vdir</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Is the same as <span class="command"><strong>ls
                    -l</strong></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="wc" name="wc"></a><span class="term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>wc</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each
                    given file, as well as a total line when more than one
                    file is given
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="who" name="who"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>who</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports who is logged on
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="whoami" name="whoami"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class=
                    "command"><strong>whoami</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Reports the user name associated with the current
                    effective user ID
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="yes" name="yes"></a><span class=
                    "term"><span class="command"><strong>yes</strong></span></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Repeatedly outputs <span class=
                    "quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">y</span>&rdquo;</span>
                    or a given string until killed
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    <a id="libstdbuf" name="libstdbuf"></a><span class=
                    "term"><code class="filename">libstdbuf</code></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <p>
                    Library used by <span class=
                    "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span>
                  </p>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </div>
      </div>
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